Nekuzivikanwa uye kushandiswa kwemabhatiri emagetsi matsva senge lithium manganate mabhatiri, manganese-yakavakirwa zvakanaka zvinhu zvakakwezva kutarisisa.Kubva pane yakakodzera data, dhipatimendi rekutsvagisa musika reUrbanMines Tech.Co., Ltd. yakapfupisa chimiro chebudiriro yeChina manganese indasitiri yekutarisa kwevatengi vedu.
1. Manganese kupihwa: Iyo ore inopera inotsamira kune kunze kwenyika, uye kugona kwekugadzira kwezvigadzirwa zvakagadziridzwa kwakanyanyisa.
1.1 Manganese indasitiri cheni
Zvigadzirwa zveManganese zvakapfuma zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinonyanya kushandiswa mukugadzirwa kwesimbi, uye zvine mukana mukuru mukugadzira mabhatiri.Manganese simbi ine silvery chena, yakaoma uye brittle.Iyo inonyanya kushandiswa se deoxidizer, desulfurizer uye alloying chinhu mukuita simbi.Silicon-manganese alloy, yepakati-yakaderera kabhoni ferromanganese uye yakakwira-kabhoni ferromanganese ndiwo makuru evatengi zvigadzirwa zvemanganese.Mukuwedzera, manganese inoshandiswawo mukugadzira ternary cathode zvinhu uye lithium manganate cathode zvinhu, idzo nzvimbo dzekushandisa dzine mukana mukuru wekukura mune ramangwana.Manganese ore inonyanya kushandiswa kuburikidza nemetallurgical manganese uye kemikari manganese.1) Kumusoro: Kuchera ore uye kupfeka.Manganese ore marudzi anosanganisira manganese oxide ore, manganese carbonate ore, etc. 2) Midstream processing: Inogona kukamurwa kuva maviri makuru mazano: makemikari engineering nzira uye metallurgical nzira.Zvigadzirwa zvakaita semanganese dioxide, simbi manganese, ferromanganese uye silicomanganese zvinogadziriswa kuburikidza ne sulfuric acid leaching kana kuderedzwa kwechoto chemagetsi.3) Zvikumbiro zvekudzika: Zvikumbiro zvepasi zvinovhara masimbi alloys, bhatiri cathodes, catalysts, mushonga uye mamwe minda.
1.2 Manganese ore: zviwanikwa zvemhando yepamusoro zvakanangidzirwa mhiri kwemakungwa, uye China inovimba nekutenga kunze kwenyika.
Pasi rose manganese ores akaiswa muSouth Africa, China, Australia neBrazil, uye manganese ore eChina ari panzvimbo yechipiri pasi rose.Global manganese ore zviwanikwa zvakawanda, asi zvakagoverwa zvisina kuenzana.Zvinoenderana nedatha yeMhepo, kubva muna Zvita 2022, nzvimbo dzepasi rose dzakasimbiswa manganese ore matani mabhiriyoni 1.7, 37.6% ayo ari muSouth Africa, 15.9% muBrazil, 15.9% muAustralia, uye 8.2% muUkraine.Muna 2022, China manganese ore reserves ichave 280 miriyoni matani, inoverengera 16.5% yepasi rose, uye matura ayo achaita pechipiri pasirese.
Iwo mamakisi epasi rose manganese ore zviwanikwa anosiyana zvakanyanya, uye zvemhando yepamusoro zviwanikwa zvakanangana mhiri kwemakungwa.Manganese-rich ores (ine inopfuura 30% manganese) yakanangidzirwa muSouth Africa, Gabon, Australia neBrazil.Giredhi remanganese ore riri pakati pe40-50%, uye matura anotora anopfuura makumi manomwe muzana epasirese.China neUkraine zvinonyanya kuvimba nezvakaderera-giredhi manganese ore zviwanikwa.Kunyanya, iyo manganese yemukati kazhinji iri pasi pe30%, uye inoda kugadziriswa isati yashandiswa.
Nyika dzinogadzira manganese ore makuru iSouth Africa, Gabon neAustralia, China ichitora 6%.Zvinoenderana nemhepo, kugadzirwa kwepasi rose manganese ore muna 2022 kuchave mamirioni makumi maviri ematani, gore-pagore kuderera kwe0.5%, neakaundi mhiri kwemakungwa anodarika 90%.Pakati pavo, kubuda kweSouth Africa, Gabon neAustralia 7.2 miriyoni, 4.6 miriyoni uye 3.3 miriyoni matani zvichiteerana.Kubuda kweChina manganese ore i990,000 matani.Inoverengera chete 5% yekugadzirwa kwepasirese.
Kugoverwa kwemanganese ore muChina hakuna kuenzana, kunyanya kunowanikwa muGuangxi, Guizhou nedzimwe nzvimbo.Zvinoenderana ne "Tsvakiridzo yeChina's Manganese Ore Resources uye Industrial Chain Security Issues" (Ren Hui et al.), manganese ores ekuChina anonyanya kuve manganese carbonate ores, ane mashoma manganese oxide ores uye mamwe marudzi ematombo.Sekureva kweBazi Rezviwanikwa, manganese ore zviwanikwa zveChina muna 2022 matani mazana maviri nemakumi masere emamiriyoni.Nharaunda ine manganese ore reserves akakwirira iGuangxi, ine matura emamiriyoni zana nemakumi maviri ematani, inoverengera makumi mana nenhatu muzana ezvicherwa zvenyika;ichiteverwa neGuizhou, ine matura emamiriyoni makumi mashanu ematani, inoverengera makumi mana nenhatu muzana ezvekuchengetwa kwenyika.18%.
China manganese deposits idiki pachiyero uye yegiredhi yakaderera.Kune migodhi mikuru mikuru yemanganese muChina, uye mazhinji acho maore akaonda.Zvinoenderana ne "Tsvakiridzo yeChina yeManganese Ore Resources uye Industrial Chain Security Issues" (Ren Hui et al.), avhareji giredhi yemanganese ore muChina ingangoita 22%, iyo yakaderera giredhi.Iko kune anenge asina akapfuma manganese ores anosangana nemazinga epasi rose, uye yakaderera-giredhi lean ores inoda Inogona kushandiswa chete mushure mekuvandudza giredhi kuburikidza nemaminerari kugadzirisa.
China's manganese ore import dependence inosvika 95%.Nekuda kwekudzikira kwegiredhi reChina manganese ore zviwanikwa, kusvibiswa kwakakwira, kudhura kwezvicherwa, uye kuchengetedzwa kwakasimba nekuchengetedza kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza muindasitiri yezvicherwa, kugadzirwa kweChina manganese ore kwave kuderera gore negore.Zvinoenderana nedata kubva kuUS Geological Survey, kugadzirwa kweChina manganese ore kwave kudzikira mumakore gumi apfuura.Kugadzirwa kwakaderera zvakanyanya kubva ku2016 kusvika ku2018 uye 2021. Ikozvino kugadzirwa kwegore negore inenge mamiriyoni emamiriyoni ematani.China inovimba zvakanyanya nekutenga kunze kwenyika manganese ore, uye kuvimba kwayo kwekunze kwave kuri pamusoro pe95% mumakore mashanu apfuura.Sekureva kweWind data, kuChina manganese ore inobuda ichave 990,000 matani muna 2022, nepo zvinotengeswa kunze zvichasvika 29.89 miriyoni matani, nekutsamira kwekunze kunosvika 96.8%.
1.3 Electrolytic manganese: China inoverengera 98% yepasi rose kugadzirwa uye kugadzirwa kwesimba kwakawedzera.
Kugadzirwa kweChina kwe electrolytic manganese kwakanangidzirwa mumatunhu epakati nekumadokero.Kugadzirwa kweChina electrolytic manganese kunonyanya kunyura muNingxia, Guangxi, Hunan neGuizhou, inoverengera 31%, 21%, 20% uye 12% zvakateerana.Sekureva kweIndasitiri yeSimbi, kugadzirwa kweChina kwe electrolytic manganese kunoita 98% yepasi rose electrolytic manganese kugadzirwa uye ndiyo yakakura pasi rose inogadzira electrolytic manganese.
Indasitiri yeChina ye electrolytic manganese yakawedzera huwandu hwekugadzira, iine Ningxia Tianyuan Manganese Indasitiri yekugadzira inoverengera 33% yehuwandu hwenyika.Sekureva kwaBaichuan Yingfu, kubva muna Chikumi 2023, yeChina electrolytic manganese yekugadzira yakasvika 2.455 miriyoni matani.Makambani gumi epamusoro ndiNingxia Tianyuan Manganese Indasitiri, Southern Manganese Group, Tianxiong Technology, nezvimwewo, iine huwandu hwekugadzira hunosvika 1.71 miriyoni matani, inoverengera huwandu hwenyika hwese hwekugadzira 70%.Pakati pavo, Ningxia Tianyuan Manganese Indasitiri ine gore negore kugadzirwa kwe800,000 matani, inoverengera 33% yehuwandu hwekugadzira nyika.
Kukanganiswa nemitemo yeindasitiri uye kushomeka kwemagetsi,electrolytic manganesekugadzirwa kwakaderera mumakore achangopfuura.Mumakore achangopfuura, nekuunzwa kweChina "double carbon" chinangwa, mitemo yekuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza yave kuomarara, nhanho yekusimudzira maindasitiri yakakwira, kuseri kwekugadzira kwakabviswa, hutsva hwekugadzira hwakadzorwa zvakanyanya, uye zvinhu zvakaita sesimba. zvirambidzo mune dzimwe nzvimbo zvine kugadzirwa kushoma, zvakabuda muna 2021 zvadzikira.Muna Chikunguru 2022, iyo Manganese Specialized Committee yeChina Ferroalloy Indasitiri Association yakapa chirevo chekudzikamisa uye kuderedza kugadzirwa neinopfuura 60%.Muna 2022, China electrolytic manganese kubuda yakadonha kusvika 852,000 matani (yoy-34.7%).Muna Gumiguru 22, Electrolytic Manganese Metal Innovation Working Committee yeChina Mining Association yakaronga chinangwa chekumisa kugadzirwa kwese muna Ndira 2023 uye 50% yekugadzirwa kubva Kukadzi kusvika Zvita.Muna Mbudzi 22, Electrolytic Manganese Metal Innovation Working Committee yeChina Mining Association yakakurudzira kuti mabhizinesi Tichaenderera mberi nekumisa kugadzirwa nekusimudzira, uye kuronga kugadzirwa pa60% yehuwandu hwekugadzira.Isu tinotarisira kuti electrolytic manganese kubuda hakuzowedzera zvakanyanya muna 2023.
Mwero wekushanda unoramba uri pazvikamu makumi mashanu kubva muzana, uye mwero wekushanda uchachinja zvikuru muna 2022. Zvichikanganiswa nehurongwa hwemubatanidzwa muna 2022, chiyero chekushanda kwemakambani ekuChina emagetsi emagetsi manganese chichachinja zvikuru, neavhareji yekushandisa kwegore iri 33.5%. .Kumiswa kwekugadzira nekusimudzira kwakaitwa mukota yekutanga ye2022, uye mitengo yekushanda munaFebruary naKurume yaingova 7% uye 10.5%.Mushure mekunge mubatanidzwa waita musangano pakupera kwaChikunguru, mafekitori ari mumubatanidzwa akadzikisa kana kumisa kugadzirwa, uye mitengo yekushanda muna Nyamavhuvhu, Gunyana naGumiguru yaive isingasviki makumi matatu%.
1.4 Manganese dioxide: Inotungamirwa ne lithium manganate, kukura kwekugadzira kunokurumidza uye kugona kwekugadzira kwakadzikira.
Inotungamirwa nekudiwa kwezvinhu zvelithium manganate, zveChinaelectrolytic manganese dioxidekugadzirwa kwakawedzera zvakanyanya.Mumakore achangopfuura, ichitungamirwa nekudiwa kwezvinhu zvelithium manganate, kudiwa kwe lithium manganate electrolytic manganese dioxide kwakawedzera zvakanyanya, uye kugadzirwa kweChina kwakawedzera.Zvinoenderana ne "Pfupi Pfupi yeGlobal Manganese Ore uye China's Manganese Chigadzirwa Kugadzirwa muna 2020 ″ (Qin Deliang), yeChina electrolytic manganese dioxide kugadzirwa muna 2020 yaive matani mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu nenomwe, kuwedzera kwegore negore kwe14.3%.Muna 2022, mamwe makambani achamisa kugadzirwa kwekugadzirisa, uye kubuda kwe electrolytic manganese dioxide kunoderera.Zvinoenderana nedata kubva kuShanghai Nonferrous Metal Network, yekuChina electrolytic manganese dioxide yakabuda muna 2022 ichave 268,000 matani.
China's electrolytic manganese dioxide dhizaini simba rekugadzira rakaiswa muGuangxi, Hunan uye Guizhou.China ndiyo inogadzira pasi rose ye electrolytic manganese dioxide.Sekureva kweHuajing Industrial Research Institute, kugadzirwa kweChina kwe electrolytic manganese dioxide kwakaverengera 73% yekugadzirwa kwepasi rose muna 2018. Kugadzirwa kweChina kwe electrolytic manganese dioxide kunonyanya kuiswa muGuangxi, Hunan neGuizhou, uye kugadzirwa kweGuangxi kunoverengera chikamu chikuru.Sekureva kweHuajing Industrial Research Institute, Guangxi's electrolytic manganese dioxide kugadzirwa kwakaverengera 74.4% yekugadzirwa kwenyika muna 2020.
1.5 Manganese sulfate: kubatsirwa nekuwedzera kwebhatiri kugona uye yakawedzera kugadzirwa kugona
Kugadzirwa kweChina manganese sulfate kunokwana makumi matanhatu nenhanhatu muzana ekugadzirwa kwepasirese, nehunyanzvi hwekugadzira hwakanyanya muGuangxi.Maererano neQYResearch, China ndiyo inogadzira pasi rose uye mutengi wemanganese sulfate.Muna 2021, kuChina manganese sulfate kugadzirwa kwakasvika 66% yepasi rose;kutengeswa kwepasi rose manganese sulfate muna 2021 angangoita mazana mashanu nemakumi mashanu ezviuru matani, ayo bhatiri-giredhi manganese sulfate akaverengera 41%.Kutengeswa kwese kwepasirese manganese sulfate kunotarisirwa kuita 1.54 miriyoni matani muna 2027, iyo bhatiri-giredhi manganese sulfate inoverengera 73%.Zvinoenderana ne "Pfupi Pfupi yeGlobal Manganese Ore uye China's Manganese Chigadzirwa Kugadzirwa muna 2020" (Qin Deliang), China manganese sulfate kugadzirwa muna 2020 yaive 479,000 matani, akanyanya kuiswa muGuangxi, achiverengera makumi matatu nenomwe.
Sekureva kwaBaichuan Yingfu, China yakakwira-kuchena manganese sulfate yegore yekugadzira matani ichava 500,000 matani muna 2022. Huru hwekugadzira hwakanyanya, CR3 i60%, uye inobuda i278,000 matani.Zvinotarisirwa kuti hutsva hwekugadzira huchava matani 310,000 (Tianyuan Manganese Indasitiri 300,000 matani + Nanhai Chemical 10,000 matani).
2. Kudiwa kwemanganese: Maitiro ekugadzira maindasitiri ari kukurumidza, uye mupiro we manganese-based cathode zvinhu zviri kuwedzera.
2.1 Chido chetsika: 90% isimbi, inotarisirwa kuramba yakagadzikana
Indasitiri yesimbi inosvika makumi mapfumbamwe muzana emvura yakadzika kudiwa kwe manganese ore, uye kushandiswa kwemabhatiri e-lithium-ion kuri kuwedzera.Zvinoenderana ne "IMnI EPD Conference Annual Report (2022)", manganese ore inonyanya kushandiswa muindasitiri yesimbi, inopfuura 90% yemanganese ore inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwesilicon-manganese alloy uye manganese ferroalloy, uye yakasara manganese ore. inonyanya kushandiswa mu electrolytic manganese dioxide uye manganese sulfate kugadzirwa kwezvimwe zvigadzirwa.Sekureva kwaBaichuan Yingfu, maindasitiri epasi pemanganese ore manganese alloys, electrolytic manganese, uye manganese makomisheni.Pakati pavo, 60-80% ye manganese ores inoshandiswa kugadzira manganese alloys (yesimbi uye kukanda, nezvimwewo), uye 20% yemanganese ores inoshandiswa mukugadzira.Electrolytic manganese (inoshandiswa kugadzira Stainless simbi, alloys, nezvimwewo), 5-10% inoshandiswa kugadzira manganese makomisheni (anoshandiswa kugadzira ternary zvinhu, magineti, nezvimwewo)
Manganese yesimbi isina kuchena: Kudiwa kwepasi rose kunotarisirwa kuita 20.66 miriyoni matani mumakore makumi maviri nemashanu.Maererano neInternational Manganese Association, manganese inoshandiswa sedesulfurizer uye alloy additive muchimiro chepamusoro-kabhoni, yepakati-kabhoni kana yakaderera-kabhoni iron-manganese uye silicon-manganese panguva yekugadzirwa kwesimbi isina kuchena.Inogona kudzivirira yakanyanyisa oxidation panguva yekunatsa uye kudzivirira kuputika uye brittleness.Inowedzera simba, kuoma, kuoma uye kuumbwa kwesimbi.Iyo manganese yemukati yesimbi yakakosha yakakwira kupfuura iyo kabhoni simbi.Avhareji yepasi rose manganese yemukati mesimbi isina kuchena inotarisirwa kuve 1.1%.Kutanga kubva 2021, National Development and Reform Commission nemamwe madhipatimendi achaita basa renyika crude kugadzirwa kwesimbi, uye acharamba achiita basa rekudzikisira kugadzirwa kwesimbi muna 2022, nemhedzisiro inoshamisa.Kubva 2020 kusvika 2022, kugadzirwa kwesimbi isina kuchena kunobva pa 1.065 bhiriyoni matani kusvika 1.013 bhiriyoni matani.Zvinotarisirwa kuti mune ramangwana China uye crude simbi inobuda munyika inoramba isina kuchinja.
2.2 Bhatiri kudiwa: kuwedzera mupiro we manganese-based cathode zvinhu
Lithium manganese oxide mabhatiri anonyanya kushandiswa mumusika wedhijitari, musika mudiki wemagetsi uye musika wemotokari dzevafambi.Ivo vane yakakwira kuchengetedza kuita uye mutengo wakaderera, asi vane hurombo simba density uye cycle performance.Sekureva kweXinchen Information, China yeLithium manganate cathode zvinhu zvinotumirwa kubva 2019 kusvika 2021 yaive 7.5 / 9.1 / 102,000 matani zvakateerana, uye 66,000 matani muna 2022. Izvi zvinonyanya kukonzerwa nekuderera kwehupfumi muChina muna 2022 uye kukwira kwemutengo wakaramba uchikwira. zvinhu lithium carbonate.Kukwira kwemitengo uye kusatarisira kwekushandisa kwakashata.
Manganese yelithium bhatiri cathodes: Kudiwa kwepasi rose kunotarisirwa kuve matani mazana maviri nemakumi maviri nepfumbamwe muna 2025, akaenzana ne216,000 matani emanganese dioxide uye 284,000 matani emanganese sulfate.Manganese inoshandiswa se cathode zvinhu zvelithium mabhatiri anonyanya kukamurwa kuita manganese eternary bhatiri uye manganese ye lithium manganate mabhatiri.Nekukura kwekutakura bhatiri remagetsi mune ramangwana, tinofungidzira kuti kushandiswa kwepasi rose manganese kwemabhatiri emagetsi emagetsi kuchawedzera kubva pa61,000 kusvika pa61,000 mu22-25.matani akawedzera kusvika ku92,000 matani, uye kudiwa kunoenderana nemanganese sulfate kwakawedzera kubva pa186,000 toni kusvika ku284,000 toni (iyo manganese sosi yecathode zvinhu zveternary bhatiri manganese sulfate);inosundwa nekukura kwekudiwa kwemotokari dzemagetsi mavhiri maviri, maererano neXinchen Information naBoshi Maererano nepamusoro-soro prospectus, pasi rose lithium manganate cathode shipments inotarisirwa kuva 224,000 matani mumakore makumi maviri nemashanu, inoenderana nemanganese kushandiswa kwematani 136,000, uye inowirirana manganese dioxide inoda 216,000 matani (iyo manganese sosi yelithium manganate cathode zvinhu manganese dioxide).
Manganese masosi ane zvakanakira zviwanikwa zvakapfuma, mitengo yakaderera, uye yakakwira voltage windows zvemanganese-based materials.Sezvo tekinoroji inofambira mberi uye maitiro ayo ekusimudzira maindasitiri achiwedzera, mafekitori ebhatiri akadai seTesla, BYD, CATL, uye Guoxuan High-tech atanga kuendesa zvine chekuita nemanganese-based cathode zvinhu.Kugadzirwa.
Iyo maindasitiri maitiro e lithium iron manganese phosphate inotarisirwa kukurumidza.1) Kubatanidza zvakanakira lithium iron phosphate uye ternary mabhatiri, ine zvese kuchengeteka uye simba density.Maererano neShanghai Nonferrous Network, lithium iron manganese phosphate ishanduro yakakwidziridzwa yelithium iron phosphate.Kuwedzera manganese element kunogona kuwedzera bhatiri voltage.Iyo theoretical simba density ndeye 15% yakakwirira kupfuura iyo yelithium iron phosphate, uye ine kugadzikana kwezvinhu.Toni imwe chete yesimbi manganese phosphate Iyo lithium manganese inokwana 13%.2) Kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji: Nekuda kwekuwedzera kwe manganese element, lithium iron manganese phosphate mabhatiri ane matambudziko akadai sekushaya conductivity uye kuderedzwa kutenderera hupenyu, izvo zvinogona kuvandudzwa kuburikidza nechidimbu nanotechnology, morphology dhizaini, ion doping uye pamusoro pekuisa.3) Kukurumidza kwekushanda kwemaindasitiri: Makambani ebhatiri akadai seCATL, China Innovation Aviation, Guoxuan Hi-Tech, Sunwoda, nezvimwe zvose zvakabudisa mabhatiri e lithium iron manganese phosphate;makambani e cathode akadai saDefang Nano, Rongbai Technology, Dangsheng Technology, etc. Layout ye lithium iron manganese phosphate cathode zvinhu;kambani yemotokari Niu GOVAF0 yakatevedzana mota dzemagetsi dzine lithium iron manganese phosphate mabhatiri, NIO yatanga diki-diki kugadzirwa kwe lithium iron manganese phosphate mabhatiri muHefei, uye BYD's Fudi Battery yatanga kutenga lithium iron manganese phosphate Materials: Tesla's domestic Model 3 facelift. inoshandisa CATL itsva M3P lithium iron phosphate bhatiri.
Manganese yelithium iron manganese phosphate cathode: Pasi pefungidziro dzakarerekera uye dzine tariro, kudiwa kwepasi rose kwelithium iron manganese phosphate cathode inotarisirwa kuita 268,000/358,000 matani mumakore makumi maviri nemashanu, uye inodiwa manganese inodiwa i35,000/47,000 matani.
Zvinoenderana nekufanotaura kweGaogong Lithium Battery, panosvika 2025, musika wekupinda wetium iron manganese phosphate cathode zvinhu uchapfuura 15% zvichienzaniswa ne lithium iron phosphate zvinhu.Nokudaro, tichifunga mamiriro asina kwaakarerekera uye ane tariro, kupinza kwemazinga e lithium iron manganese phosphate mumakore 23-25 akaenzana 4%/9%/15%, 5%/11%/20%.Musika wemotokari une mavhiri maviri: Isu tinotarisira mabhatiri etium iron manganese phosphate kuti akurumidze kupinda mumusika weChina wemagetsi ane mavhiri maviri emotokari.Nyika dzemhiri kwemakungwa hadzizotariswa nekuda kwemutengo usinganzwisisike uye yakakwirira density zvinodiwa.Zvinotarisirwa kuti pasi pemamiriro asina kwaakarerekera uye ane tariro mumakore makumi maviri nemashanu, lithium iron manganese phosphate ichaita Kudiwa kwema cathodes ndeye 1.1 / 15,000 matani, uye inodiwa inodiwa manganese ndeye 0.1 / 0.2 miriyoni matani.Musika wemotokari yemagetsi: Tichifunga kuti lithium iron manganese phosphate inotsiva zvachose lithium iron phosphate uye inoshandiswa pamwe chete nemabhatiri e ternary (maererano nechikamu chezvigadzirwa zvinoenderana neRongbai Technology, isu tinofungidzira kuti doping ratio ndeye 10%), zvinotarisirwa kuti kwaakarerekera uye Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu ane tarisiro, kudiwa kwelithium iron manganese phosphate cathodes i257,000/343,000 matani, uye inodiwa manganese inodiwa i33,000/45,000 matani.
Parizvino, mitengo yemanganese ore, manganese sulfate, uye electrolytic manganese iri padanho rakaderera munhoroondo, uye mutengo wemanganese dioxide uri padanho repamusoro munhoroondo.Muna 2021, nekuda kwehuviri simba rekushandisa kutonga uye kushomeka kwemagetsi, mubatanidzwa wakamisa kugadzirwa, kupihwa kweelectrolytic manganese kwadzikira, uye mitengo yakakwira zvakanyanya, zvichiita kuti mitengo yemanganese ore, manganese sulfate, uye electrolytic manganese ikwire.Mushure megore ra2022, kudiwa kwepasi kwakadzikira, uye mutengo we electrolytic manganese wakadzikira, ukuwo mutengo we electrolytic manganese dioxide wakadzikira.Kune manganese, manganese sulfate, nezvimwewo, nekuda kwekuenderera mberi kwebhomu mumabhatiri eti lithium, mutengo wekugadzirisa hauna kukosha.Nekufamba kwenguva, kudiwa kwepasi kunonyanya kudiwa manganese sulfate uye manganese dioxide mumabhatiri.Kubatsirwa nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemanganese-based cathode zvinhu, mutengo wepakati unotarisirwa kukwira kumusoro.