Cobalt isimbi inoshandiswa mumabhatiri akawanda emotokari yemagetsi.Nhau ndeyekuti Tesla achashandisa "cobalt-isina" mabhatiri, asi rudzii rwe "resource" cobalt?Ini ndichapfupisa kubva paruzivo rwekutanga rwaunoda kuziva.
Zita rayo rinonzi Conflict Minerals Yakatorwa kubva kuDhimoni
Unoziva here element cobalt?Kwete chete ari mumabhatiri emotokari dzemagetsi (EVs) uye mafoni, asi zvakare anoshandiswa mukupisa-inodzivirira cobalt simbi alloys senge jet injini uye drill bits, magineti evatauri, uye, zvinoshamisa, kuchenesa mafuta.Cobalt yakatumidzwa zita rekuti "Kobold," chikara chinowanzo onekwa mugomba sainzi ngano, uye yaitenda muEurope yekare kuti vaikanda mashiripiti pamigodhi kugadzira simbi yakaoma uye ine muchetura.izvo ndizvo.
Ikozvino, kunyangwe paine zvikara mumugodhi, cobalt ine muchetura uye inogona kukonzera njodzi dzakakomba dzehutano senge pneumoconiosis kana ukasapfeka zvakaringana zvekuzvidzivirira nazvo.Uye kunyange zvazvo Democratic Republic of Congo inogadzira inopfuura hafu yecobalt yenyika, mugodhi muduku (Artisanal mine) umo varombo vasina mabasa vari kuchera makomba nemidziyo yakapfava pasina kudzidziswa kwekuchengetedza.), Tsaona dzekupunzika dzinoitika kazhinji, vana vanomanikidzwa kushanda kwenguva yakareba nemuhoro wakaderera weanenge 200 yen pazuva, uye kunyange Amatsu inopa mari kumapoka ane zvombo, saka cobalt iri padivi pegoridhe, tungsten, tin, uye tantalum., Akasvika pakunzi maminerari ekunetsana.
Zvisinei, nekupararira kweEVs uye mabhatiri e-lithium-ion, mumakore achangopfuura makambani epasi rose akatanga kuongorora kana cobalt inogadzirwa nemigwagwa isina kunaka, kusanganisira kugovera ketani ye cobalt oxide uye cobalt hydroxide, iri kushandiswa.
Semuenzaniso, hofori dzemabhatiri CATL uye LG Chem vari kutora chikamu muChina-inotungamirwa "Responsible Cobalt Initiative (RCI)", inonyanya kushanda kubvisa kushandiswa kwevana.
Muna 2018, iyo Fair Cobalt Alliance (FCA), sangano rekutengeserana kwecobalt, yakavambwa sedanho rekusimudzira kujeka uye kuve pamutemo kwemaitiro emigodhi yecobalt.Vatori vechikamu vanosanganisira Tesla, iyo inoshandisa mabhatiri e-lithium-ion, yeGerman EV yekutanga Sono Motors, Swiss resource hofori Glencore, uye China Huayu Cobalt.
Tichitarisa kuJapan, Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd., iyo inotengesa zvinhu zvakanaka zve electrode zvemabhatiri e-lithium-ion kuPanasonic, yakamisa "Policy on Responsible Procurement yeCobalt Raw Materials" muna Nyamavhuvhu 2020 uye yakatanga kushingaira uye kuongorora.pasi.
Mune ramangwana, sezvo makambani makuru achatanga mapurojekiti ezvicherwa anofambiswa nemazvo mumwe mushure memumwe, vashandi vachafanira kutora njodzi vonyura mumigodhi midiki, uye zvinodiwa zvichadzikira zvishoma nezvishoma.
Zviri pachena kushaikwa kwecobalt
Parizvino, nhamba yeEVs ichiri duku, ine mamiriyoni manomwe chete, kusanganisira mamiriyoni 2.1 akatengeswa munyika yose muna 2019. Kune rumwe rutivi, nhamba yose yemotokari dzeinjini munyika inonzi 1 bhiriyoni kana 1.3 bhiriyoni. uye kana mota dzepeturu dzikamiswa dzikatsiviwa nemaEV mune ramangwana, huwandu hukuru hwecobalt cobalt oxide uye cobalt hydroxide hunozodiwa.
Huwandu hwese hwecobalt hwakashandiswa mumabhatiri eEV muna 2019 hwaive matani gumi nepfumbamwe, zvinoreva kuti avhareji ye9 kg yecobalt yaidiwa pamotokari.Kugadzira 1 bhiriyoni EVs ine 9 kg imwe neimwe inoda 9 miriyoni matani ecobalt, asi nyika yese yekuchengetedza ingori 7.1 miriyoni matani, uye sezvambotaurwa pakutanga, 100,000 matani mune mamwe maindasitiri gore rega rega.Sezvo iri simbi inoshandiswa zvakanyanya, inooneka yakapera sezvairi.
Kutengeswa kweEV kunotarisirwa kukura zvakapetwa kagumi muna 2025, paine kudiwa kwepagore kwematani mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu ezviuru, kusanganisira mabhatiri emumotokari, alloys akakosha uye zvimwe zvinoshandiswa.Kunyangwe kudiwa kweEV kukadzimwa, yaizopera kubva kune ese anozivikanwa parizvino mukati memakore makumi matatu.
Zvichipesana nemamiriro ezvinhu aya, vanogadzira bhatiri vari kushanda nesimba siku nesikati panzira yekudzikisa huwandu hwecobalt.Semuenzaniso, mabhatiri eNMC anoshandisa nickel, manganese, uye cobalt ari kuvandudzwa neNMC111 (nickel, manganese, uye cobalt 1: 1. Huwandu hwecobalt hwakadzikiswa zvishoma nezvishoma kubva pa1: 1) kuenda kuNMC532 neNMC811, uye NMC9. 5.5 (cobalt ratio ndeye 0.5) parizvino iri pasi pekuvandudzwa.
Iyo NCA (nickel, cobalt, aluminium) inoshandiswa naTesla ine cobalt yemukati yakatemwa kusvika pa3%, asi Model 3 inogadzirwa muChina inoshandisa cobalt-isina lithium iron phosphate bhatiri (LFP).Kune zvakare mamakisi akatorwa.Kunyangwe LFP iri yakaderera kune NCA maererano nekuita, ine maficha emidziyo yakachipa, kugadzikana kwekupa, uye hupenyu hurefu.
Uye pa "Tesla Battery Day" yakarongwa kubva 6:30 am munaGunyana 23, 2020 muChina nguva, bhatiri nyowani-isina cobalt richaziviswa, uye richatanga kugadzirwa kwakawanda nePanasonic mumakore mashoma.Zvinotarisirwa.
Nenzira, muJapan, "simbi dzisingawanzo" uye "pasi dzisingawanzo" dzinowanzovhiringidzika.Simbi dzisingawanzo shandiswa mumaindasitiri nekuti "kuchengetedza dhizaini yakagadzikana kwakakosha maererano nemutemo pakati pesimbi iyo kuwanda kwayo pasi pano kushoma kana kunetsa kuburitsa nekuda kwehunyanzvi uye hwehupfumi zvikonzero (Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry)".Iyo isiri-ferrous simbi inowanzoshandiswa, uye ishoko rinowanzoreva 31 mhando dzinosanganisira lithium, titanium, chromium, cobalt, nickel, platinum, uye zvisingawanzo pasi.Pakati peaya, pasi risingawanzo kunzi rare Earth, uye 17 mhando dzakadai neodymium uye dysprosium inoshandiswa magineti asingagumi anotsanangurwa.
Kumashure kwekushaikwa kwecobalt resource, cobalt simbi sheet & hupfu, uye cobalt makomisheni akadai secobaltous chloride kunyangwe hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride ishoma.
Responsible break kubva kucobalt
Sezvo kushanda kunodiwa kweEVs kunowedzera, zvinotarisirwa kuti mabhatiri asingade cobalt, akadai semabhatiri e-solid-state uye lithiamu-sulfur mabhatiri, achashanduka mune ramangwana, saka tine rombo rakanaka hatifungi kuti zviwanikwa zvichapera. .Nekudaro, izvo zvinoreva kuti kudiwa kwecobalt kuchadonha kumwe.
Kuchinja kuchauya mumakore mashanu kusvika gumi pakutanga-tanga, uye makambani makuru emigodhi anozeza kuita mari yenguva refu mucobalt.Zvakadaro, nekuti tiri kuona magumo, tinoda kuti vashandi vemumigodhi vemo vasiye nzvimbo yekushanda yakachengeteka kupfuura kusati kwamboita cobalt bubble.
Uye mabhatiri emotokari dzemagetsi pari zvino ari pamusika anodawo kushandiswa zvakare mushure mekunge vapedza basa ravo makore gumi kusvika makumi maviri gare gare, iri Redwood yakavambwa naSumitomo Metals uye aimbova mukuru weTekinoroji Tesla JB Strobel.-Zvishandiso nevamwe vakatogadzira tekinoroji yekudzoreredza cobalt uye vachaishandisa zvakare nezvimwe zviwanikwa.
Kunyange kana kudiwa kwezvimwe zviwanikwa kuchiwedzera kwenguva pfupi mukushanduka kwemotokari dzemagetsi, tichatarisana nekuchengetedza uye kodzero dzevanhu dzevashandi zvakasimba se cobalt, uye hatizotengi kutsamwa kweKobolts inovanda mubako.Ndinoda kupedzisa nyaya iyi netarisiro yekuve nzanga.